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Global Tax Authorities Are Sharing Information – What’s Happening and How to Be Ready

by

Frank J. Vari, JD, MTax, CPA

It was not that long ago that a multinational taxpayer could report information differently to one taxing authority than to another even within the same country without significant concern.  How often did a value reported for customs and duties purposes match the transfer pricing value for income tax purposes?  Probably not very often and what difference did it make?  Back then, not very much difference.  Now, it makes a huge difference.

What’s Changed in Information Sharing? 

The road to where we are today has not been difficult to follow for those that have been actively involved in international tax for the last decade or so.  Global tax authorities have been becoming considerably more aggressive for years and that is not a trend that shows any signs at all of abating.  Tax authorities have long sought complete transparency in the taxpayer’s supply chain taxation both in the home country and elsewhere.  It makes their job much easier and it forces multinational taxpayers to full disclosure of their global tax positions.

There have been many governmental bodies actively pushing these efforts for some time now but the three biggest, at least to U.S. taxpayers, have been the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”), the EU, and the IRS.  Our clients feel this most directly with their Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) and Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”) filing requirements.

For U.S. taxpayers, this means a sharing of not only information gleaned from their Form 1120, Forms 5471 and 5472, and customs and duty filings but also what they are reporting on similar non-U.S. filings.  When you add government filed transfer pricing filings to all of this you can see how quickly a very significant database of highly confidential and valuable business and financial information can be created and shared.

The Impact of Electronic Filing

Most multinational taxpayers are slowly becoming attuned to the fact that what they are reporting to one country has a significant impact in other countries as well.  What many are not sufficiently aware of is that their tax and financial information can now be quickly cross-referenced and shared among numerous governmental taxing authorities with the click of a button.

Electronic filings and sophisticated digital data collection methods allow tax authorities to reach deeper than they ever have before into the taxpayer’s supply chain data.  Multinational taxpayers must electronically submit a variety of data that goes beyond tax records in formats specified by different tax authorities often within the same country, e.g., customs, duties, income tax, and VAT.  All of these authorities now utilize sophisticated data analytics engines to discover filing discrepancies and compare data across jurisdictions and taxpayers.  These governments then issue tax and audit assessments based on these analyses.

It is essential that multinational taxpayers understand the shift from a single country filing view to a global filing view.  Tax filings simply have to be viewed as being globally transparent in terms of information sharing, comparative risks, and tax controversy strategy and resolution.  Very little if anything is hidden and not shared.

The drivers behind this are numerous.  Over 100 countries have signed onto the OECD’s Country-by-Country reporting initiative.  The OECD’s Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS (“MLI”) desires to update over 3,000 double tax treaties to incorporate BEPS changes.  It went into effect in July 2018 with 75 countries on board.  The MLI requires a principal purpose test for a multinational taxpayer’s tax positions and creates a simplified limitation of benefits provision to curb treaty abuse.  This means that tax treaty benefits will be denied when procuring a tax benefit was a principal purpose of a business arrangement.

The OECD is offering a new tool aimed at taxpayer certainly in this new environment.  The OECD created International Compliance Assurance Program (“ICAP”) is a voluntary pilot program where, in return for transparency of their tax risks, taxpayers receive some assurance that they will not be targeted by governments participating in the program.  In theory, a successful ICAP result provides multinational taxpayers more certainty and a reduced overall global tax risk profile.  It is a program with promise but it is being rolled out as a pilot program only in the face of an ever more aggressive tax environment that is not a pilot program.

Tax Adviser Rules

One very significant change impacting practitioners both in the U.S. and worldwide is the EU’s recent update of the Directive on Administrative Cooperation (“DAC”).  Under the new DAC rules, intermediaries such as tax advisers, accountants and lawyers that design, promote or implement tax planning strategies are required to report any potentially aggressive tax arrangements directly to the tax authorities.  Very concerning , mainly due to the broad scope of definitions provided in these rules, is that reportable arrangements may include arrangements that do not necessarily have a main benefit of obtaining a tax advantage.  These new mandatory disclosure rules will have material implications for both advisers and their clients.

According to the DAC, a “reportable cross-border arrangement” refers to any cross-border tax planning arrangement which bears one or more enumerated features listed in the DAC and concerns at least one EU Member State.  The enumerated features are broadly scoped and represent certain typical features of tax planning arrangements which, according to the DAC, indicate possible tax avoidance.  Certain transfer pricing arrangements must be reported even if they do not have a primary purpose or benefit of obtaining a tax advantage.  This include arrangements that involve hard-to-value intangibles or a cross-border transfer of functions, risks, or physical property.

Creating A Global Tax Risk Strategy

Multinational taxpayers that are relying on traditional global compliance practices and reporting models will ultimately lose control of their own tax narrative.  These antiquated – and now dangerous – practices feature single country income tax reporting that is not coordinated with operational tax reporting like excise taxes and customs reporting.

When one takes into account decentralized management teams, non-integrated mergers and acquisitions, and information systems that are not coordinated or unable to provide required information in a timely manner, one can see the true scale of the problem.  Tax risk must be managed on a global basis.  Local, or even regional, management is simply not sufficient.

As tax reporting becomes even more digitally interconnected, existing problems will only grow creating more economic and legal risks to international business strategies.  What we are now experiencing has been long perceived and is the future of tax and financial reporting.  There really is no getting around it.

 Practical Strategies

We are often asked by our clients how to best manage this new global environment.  We advise that multinational taxpayers strategically address these issues proactively on a global basis.  The risk of not doing so is to hand over important financial data to numerous tax authorities without a clear understanding of how they’ll use it or how it will impact the taxpayer’s core business strategies.

There are steps that can be taken to minimize the impact of these new rules.   in a consistent and strategic way will be better equipped to manage controversies as they arise. Specific steps businesses can take to adopt a more consistent global approach to tax controversy management include:

  • Centrally manage global tax filings to ensure consistency and understanding of what is being disclosed and where.  This involves enhanced communication and processes between global reporting teams that may not have existed before.  This is, in practice, a cultural shift in how global finance teams address tax matters.
  • Modify, update, or create information reporting systems that can timely comply with global reporting rules while still allowing time for appropriate tax leadership review prior to filing.  Never has the need for information systems to be responsive to tax needs been higher.  These systems must not only produce data but do so in a coordinated and strategic manner.
  • Design and implement a global policy relative to tax compliance, reporting, and response to tax authority inquiries.  This policy must not only be nimble but it must fully comply with increasingly complex local rules.
  • Involve senior management, Board leadership, and even internal audit teams to create a corporate governance plan that complies with SOX requirements but also allows swift communication of tax related risks to strategic business plans and financial reports.
  • As an adviser/intermediary or taxpayer, understand when a transaction qualifies as a “reportable cross-border arrangement” under the DAC.  Unless a legal professional privilege applies, disclosure is necessary.  If multiple advisers are involved, each adviser must comply with the reporting obligation unless a report was filed by another adviser.

Even the most sophisticated taxpayers are having trouble keeping up with these new rules and requirements.  It truly represents a cultural shift that has been long coming and shows no signs of abating.  Only by maintaining awareness of new global reporting rules and creating strategies and processes to ensure both conformance and strategic awareness can economic risks be minimized and global business strategies preserved.

Frank J. Vari, JD, MTax, CPA is the practice leader of FJV Tax which is a CPA firm specializing in complex international and U.S. tax planning.  FJV Tax has offices in Wellesley and Boston.  The author can be reached via email at frank.vari@fjvtax.com or telephone at 617-770-7286/800-685-2324.  You can learn more about FJV Tax at fjvtax.com.

 

Transfer Pricing for Small & Mid-Size Business – What is Important Now and Why

by

Frank J. Vari, JD, MTax, CPA

One of the most common questions we at FJV receive from our small business clients is what is transfer pricing and why must we address it now?  Many clients – and some practitioners – seek an answer but are overwhelmed by the complex and conflicting information generally available.

If your company plans to expand business operations into the U.S. or expand their U.S. operations into another country at least a basic understanding of transfer pricing is required.  Once there is a basic understanding, one can better comply with the legally mandated transfer pricing rules and then create a strategic pricing plan.

To best explain, let’s discuss transfer pricing basics, pricing methods, and documentation requirements.

Transfer Pricing Basics

A “transfer price” is the price at which related companies located in different countries buy and sell goods and services to each other.  This is very important to each country’s taxing authority as each country wants to tax a share of these worldwide profits.  “Transfer pricing” is generally defined as the legal mechanism that allocates the profit from that related party sale between the competing tax jurisdictions without creating double taxation.  This mechanism, as outlined in a variety of laws around the world, allocates global supply chain profits based upon the functions and risks of the related parties.  The party which performs the most important and costly functions, e.g., design and manufacturing, and takes the greatest risk, e.g., capital investment and customer credit risks, is entitled to the greater profit.

For example, let’s assume a U.S. entity manufactures medical equipment and sells it to a related party located in Germany.  The German entity then resells the equipment to its customers within Germany.  The financial elements here are as follows:

  • The medical equipment is manufactured in the U.S. at a cost of $10,000.
  • The parent sells this equipment to its German relative for $17,000 realizing a taxable profit in the U.S. of $7,000.
  • The German entity then resells this same equipment to an unrelated German customer for $20,000 thus realizing a taxable German profit of $3,000.
  • The total taxable profit for the entire global supply chain is $10,000.

How can the U.S. entity justify receiving 70% of the taxable profits, while the German entity only 30%?  In our example, the U.S. entity has performed the costly research, design, and manufacturing functions for the medical equipment.  The German subsidiary is only involved in the local German marketing and distribution of the product which requires little capital or investment.  Thus, the U.S. entity has performed the greater functions and taken the greater risk which legally entitles them to the greater profit.

This profit split may be challenged by either the U.S. or German tax authorities using their own local transfer pricing laws.  However, almost every country, including the U.S. and Germany, requires that each related taxpayer perform and document a transfer pricing analysis of their taxable profit allocation with related parties.  No exceptions.

Learn More about FJV’s Transfer Pricing Practice by Clicking Here

Transfer Pricing Methods

The IRS first enacted rules back in 1928 to address intercompany profit allocations that have evolved into present-day IRC Code §482.  These rules actually empower the IRS to reallocate income or deductions between related parties to prevent tax evasion.  If the taxpayer doesn’t perform a properly documented allocation or get it right the IRS will do it for them.  Not a good place to be for sure.

IRC Code §482 requires taxpayers to create and document a transfer pricing policy that chooses the best method to justify the transfer price of goods and services.  The IRS allows various methods for various types of transactions.  Transfers of heavy equipment, software, and consulting services are all sufficiently different that different pricing methods are required.

One of the most common pricing methods – and the one most preferred by the IRS and other taxing authorities – is the Comparable Uncontrolled Price (“CUP”) methodology.  In our example, let’s assume our U.S. entity also sells the same type of medical equipment to unrelated Chinese and Australian customers for more than it sells to the German related party.  The IRS may – and probably will – argue that the U.S. entity is not charging Germany enough and a greater U.S. taxable profit should be reported.  Alternatively, if the U.S. entity sells the medical equipment to all three customers, both related an unrelated, for the same price it could justify the intercompany transfer price between the related U.S. and German entities as an “arm’s-length” price.

IRC Code §482 provides other methods besides the CUP to be used for transfer pricing of goods and services.  These methods include the Cost Plus method, the Resale Price method, the Comparable Profits method, and the Profit Split method.  Taxpayers can even use an unspecified method if they can support it.  Taxpayers must be careful to analyze each of those methods separately and select the “best method” for that particular transaction in order to comply with IRC Code §482.

Learn More About FJV’s International Tax Practice By Clicking Here

Documentation Requirements & Penalties

One very important and often overlooked rule is that taxpayers are required to prepare and maintain contemporaneous documentation that explains in a very detailed and technical manner their transfer pricing methodologies.  “Contemporaneous” means this documentation must be compiled at the same time their U.S. tax return is filed.  If the IRS requests this documentation, the taxpayer must produce it within 30 days of an IRS request.  If the taxpayer fails to do so, two very bad things can happen.  First, as noted above, the IRS will go ahead and allocate the related party profits as they see fit.  Second, the taxpayer will be subject to the documentation penalty provisions of IRC Code §6662.

If the IRS makes a transfer pricing adjustment resulting in an underpayment of tax and the documentation requirement was not met, IRC Code §6662 permits IRS to impose a 20% or 40% percent non-deductible penalty.  The 20% penalty applies if the transfer price adjustment exceeds the lesser of $5 million or 10% of the taxpayer’s gross receipts.  If the transfer price adjustment exceeds the lesser of $20 million or 20% of the taxpayer’s gross receipts the IRS may impose a 40% penalty on the adjustment.

Besides proper transfer pricing documentation, U.S. taxpayers must comply with other important requirements including:

  • U.S. taxpayers who have related party transactions with their subsidiaries located outside of the U.S. must report these transactions on Form 5471.
  • U.S. taxpayers who have related party transactions with their foreign owners and their related parties must report these transactions on Form 5472.
  • If the related party sale involves a customs or duty filing, the price on the filing must be the same as that reported in the transfer pricing documentation and the Form 5471 or 5572. The failure to “harmonize” these filings can lead to additional penalties.

These are very harsh penalties that are often incurred by U.S. taxpayers who do not perform written transfer pricing studies to properly allocate or report related party profits.  The problem is there is really no way around them for small taxpayers.  Small taxpayers around the world have long called for exemptions from transfer pricing reporting but there is no significant relief to date.

Conclusion

Transfer pricing is a complicated issue that must be addressed proactively.  If properly addressed in a timely manner, transfer pricing can be addressed at a reasonable cost.  If not, the penalties kick in and the cost of these penalties coupled with the legal and professional fees of a transfer pricing conflict with any tax authority can be very high.

Our advice to any client with related party transactions that cross a foreign border is to proactively address their transfer pricing issues in a timely manner.  Whether they sell tangible property, services, or sell or license intangible property, our advice is the same.  At the end of the day, it saves our clients time and money and brings them fully into compliance with the law.

Frank J. Vari, JD, MTax, CPA is the practice leader of FJV Tax which is a CPA firm specializing in complex international and U.S. tax planning.  FJV Tax has offices in Wellesley and Boston.  The author can be reached via email at frank.vari@fjvtax.com or telephone at 617-770-7286/800-685-2324.  You can learn more about FJV Tax at fjvtax.com.

 

How About VAT!? – Practical VAT Issues for U.S. Based Exporters

by

Frank J. Vari, JD, MTax, CPA

One of the most common issues in our international tax practice today is Value Added Tax (VAT).  Even with all of the questions around U.S. sales tax in the wake of South Dakota v. Wayfair, at least our U.S. based clients understand the basic U.S. sales tax rules.  That’s not always the case with VAT.  U.S. based exporters, ranging from software developers to manufacturers, are subject to a VAT.  Even those that fully understand compliance don’t often understand how simply complying and not being proactive around the VAT is costing them money and margin.

The most common issue we face with respect to VAT is the U.S. exporter incurring an unexpected VAT liability.  It happens a lot and it happens because many smaller U.S. exporters don’t understand, or choose to ignore, foreign VAT rules.  When it happens, and the U.S. exporter is charged with a VAT, profits can be reduced or eliminated, and the U.S. exporter can be taken out of the market by having to increase their selling price, or reduce their margins on export sales, due to unrecoverable VAT.

A basic understanding of the VAT is in order here.  The VAT is an indirect tax levied on the consumption or use of goods and services.  It is charged at each step of the supply chain process.  The product’s end consumer bears the costs of VAT while registered businesses collect and account for VAT acting as tax collectors on behalf of the government.

Here’s a basic example of how VAT works within a Euro country with a VAT regime where all of the supply chain members are properly VAT registered and compliant:

A widget manufacturer sells to a wholesaler for €100.  Under the VAT, the manufacturer collects a VAT of 5%, or €5, from the wholesaler on behalf of the government.  The wholesaler pays the manufacturer a total of €105.

The wholesaler increases the selling price to €200 and sells it to a retailer. The wholesaler collects a VAT of 5%, or €10, from the retailer on behalf of the government whilst receiving a refund of the VAT paid to the manufacturer in the previous step.  The retailer pays the wholesaler a total of €210.

The retailer further increases the selling price to €300 and sells it to a consumer.  The retailer collects a VAT of 5%, or €15, from the consumer whilst receiving a refund of the VAT paid to the wholesaler in the previous step.  The consumer pays the retailer a total amount of €315 and receives no refund of any VAT paid.  Thus, the consumer bears the cost of all VAT incurred throughout the supply chain as all others have recovered what they paid.

That example is rather basic but, in practice, it can be very complex when the supply chain crosses multiple borders and VAT regimes, rates, and classifications.  Product transformation through the supply chain raises additional issues.  That said, it is imperative that U.S. exporters fully understand the VAT rules and their VAT responsibilities.  I’ve seen too many U.S. exporters end up with unexpected VAT costs and penalties that eliminate any profits on their foreign sales especially when legal fees are added to the equation.

The most commonly raised question is how do you basically comply with the VAT?  In some cases, e.g. the sale of physical goods, the law is rather settled.  In the case of other emerging types of business, e.g., online software sales, the law is evolving and is based on each jurisdiction’s rules.  With the exception of the European Union (EU), there really is no Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) or uniform rules on this type of activity.  That makes it tough to provide general answers that a client can rely on.  Only with specific facts can one arrive at specific answers.

As outlined in the example above, the global theme is that the seller is the one who bears the responsibility for paying the VAT.  In practice that works in many different ways, depending on the rules of the specific jurisdiction.  For a U.S. exporter, some of the most important practices and issues are:

  • For physical goods, the importer of record usually incurs the VAT.  If the U.S. exporter can get the foreign buyer to be the importer of record they can usually pass on VAT issues altogether.
  • If the foreign buyer is a VAT registered business, they may be responsible for collecting any VAT and remitting it if they know the seller is offshore or not VAT registered.  This “reverse charge” mechanism is a rule in the EU and various other jurisdictions as well.  In many instances, the U.S. seller need not worry about VAT if they are aware that the foreign customer is VAT registered and they have the foreign customer’s VAT number on file.  That’s great from a compliance perspective but the U.S. seller still ends up economically bearing the VAT expense that the buyer is just passing along on their behalf.  Also keep in mind that most individuals don’t have a VAT registration.
  • In the EU, there is a common reporting system where a non-EU company can register in one EU country, e.g., Ireland, and then run all of their EU sales through that single registration.  That has merit solely for sales to EU customers where there is common reporting system.
  • If the seller has a number of clients in one country with “VATable” sales, the seller should strongly consider registering there to properly collect and remit VAT.  Many clients do this in places where they have sales and where VAT problems can bring serious criminal charges.  They may even set up a shell company (rare) for this purpose because if there is no company than the VAT cannot be used or credited in the future by the seller due to lack of a VAT registration.  Otherwise, the unrecoverable VAT paid simply becomes a sunk cost.
  • A U.S. exporter may try using an intermediary.  For example, the U.S. exporter can sell directly to an EU VAT registered intermediary who, in turn, sells to non-EU countries.  In this case, the intermediary is the one who bears the burden for the VAT compliance in non-EU countries.  Many small U.S. exporters seek out independent foreign distributors for this reason.
  • Keep in mind that VAT classification is very important as different countries apply VAT at different rates to different products.  For example, software for medical imaging or educational purposes may be rated differently than software for gaming.  This is very similar to customs classifications.  Freight forwarders often fail their clients here.  A freight forwarder will make sure the VAT is paid but it is not their job, and nor do they feel it is their job, to make sure the VAT is paid at the lowest available rate.  We see that a lot.
  • Customs & Duties is always an issue as well even though it is out of this article’s scope.  You always want to make sure that all foreign exports comply with local customs & duty rules and regulations.  Even for online sales, some countries do levy import duties on, for example, imported software licenses.

These practices and issues are the ones we see most often but they are certainly not an exhaustive list or all possible outcomes.  The real problem is the lack of global or regional uniformity as well as the ever evolving nature of the rules.  When you couple the obvious complexities with aggressive enforcement, especially against non-resident importers, you see that it doesn’t take much for real problems to arise even for very small U.S. exporters.

VAT violations can be very nasty.  Goods and inventory can be seized, a company be barred from a market and, in some countries, officers, directors, or employees can face criminal penalties including prison.  I’ve been a part of criminal VAT cases and it is not for the faint of heart.

The bottom line is that the cost of upfront VAT compliance is much cheaper than defending a nasty VAT audit or trying to free impounded inventory.  Don’t let VAT drag your profits down or be a barrier to profitable export sales.  Contact us today to help you with your VAT and international tax questions and issues.

 

Frank J. Vari, JD, MTax, CPA is the practice leader of FJV Tax which is a CPA firm specializing in complex international and U.S. tax planning.  FJV Tax has offices in Wellesley and Boston.  The author can be reached via email at frank.vari@fjvtax.com or telephone at 617-770-7286/800-685-2324.  You can learn more about FJV Tax at fjvtax.com.

 

 

Maximizing IC-DISC Benefits After Tax Reform

by

Frank J. Vari, JD, MTax, CPA

Those that have followed the journey of the Interest Charge Domestic International Sales Corporation (IC-DISC) through the winding legislative process behind the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) know by now that it has survived intact.  Those that have followed these export tax benefits from the 1970’s DISC, whose enactment was somewhat contemporaneous with the unrelated peak of disco music, to FSC to EIE and now back to IC-DISC know that it has really been quite a legislative and judicial journey for these important export tax benefits.  Now that we can be sure that IC-DISC benefits have survived, where exactly do we stand post-tax reform and what can we do to maximize IC-DISC benefits?

IC-DISC one of the last remaining export incentives provided to U.S. based taxpayers.  It’s been an important part of tax planning for closely held companies since the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 cemented into law reduced capital gains tax rates making IC-DISC a profitable tax strategy.  As an added bonus, it is not currently on the World Trade Organization’s radar unlike some other current U.S tax incentives, i.e., the Foreign Derived Intangible Income (FDII) regime, so IC-DISC beneficiaries can rest assured that they are playing nice with our trade partners which is comforting.  Also, don’t forget that IC-DISC is probably the last remaining tax planning technique where the IRS is willing to look past substance over form, at least a little bit – more on that later, which is not something seen too often.

Everyone probably knows the bad news by now that the reduction in U.S. individual tax rates has also reduced the IC-DISC benefits.  To corporate shareholders, it still provides a hefty 13.2% tax rate benefit to individuals which is only a slight reduction from the pre-TCJA rate of 15.8%.  The difference is the 2.6% top individual tax rate drop from 39.6% to 37%.  If the business is a pass-through, and assuming newly enacted §199A is available to the taxpayer, it still provides a 6% rate benefit.  Thus, even post TCJA, IC-DISC remains an important planning tool for businesses of all types.

What many taxpayers are missing is that there are planning tools out there that can make IC-DISC an even better tax planning vehicle without increasing shareholder risk.  Some are more complex than others but here are some that we’re using with our IC-DISC clients:

Ensuring IC-DISC Compliance

If an IC-DISC is not properly qualified there are no benefits and there are likely penalties.  This is pretty simple to understand but it is very often a problem.  IC-DISC is an attractive planning tool but it is often adopted by taxpayers who don’t want to deal with the complexities of IC-DISC qualification or by an inexperienced practitioner who fails to properly implement or advise their client on the importance of these rules.  I have been part of many acquisitions of middle market companies where the seller’s IC-DISC was determined to be defective during due diligence as a result of taxpayer error.  Similarly, the IRS understands this very well and disqualifies many IC-DISC benefits on this basis.  It is never good when an IC-DISC fails this way but in practice many do.  Please don’t be the advisor that has to tell your client their IC-DISC has been disqualified.

Utilize IRC §482 Transfer Pricing

IC-DISC is one of the few areas where the IRS cannot force a taxpayer to use IRC §482 arm’s length principles to determine the profit allocation between related parties.  However, IRC §482 is best used here proactively by the taxpayer.  Most IC-DISC taxpayers that I work with use the 4% of export gross receipts methodology.  For many taxpayers that’s a mistake.  Most often, their IC-DISC advisor doesn’t fully understand how IRC §482 works and is unable to even model what the answer would be so the taxpayer doesn’t get to see what the options truly are.  By addressing the IRC §482 options, or consulting with an IRC §482 expert, an IC-DISC may see greatly enhanced profits.  It is certainly fact dependent, but I’ve seen it deliver enough benefits that is part of every IC-DISC analysis we perform.

Grouping Transactions vs. Transaction by Transaction (TxT)

For those of us that practiced in the FSC days, TxT was one of the most popular tax planning tools out there and was used by FSCs with literally millions of individual transactions.  We all know that FSC is long gone but the TxT method is alive and well but is a little of a lost art since the very large companies had to stop doing it.  Most of the IC-DISCs out there utilize grouping(s) of transactions.  Grouping is a proper methodology and it can be the best and is certainly the easiest to apply.  However, like transfer pricing above, TxT often produces significantly better benefits.  It requires that each individual transaction be treated separately which is beyond the capabilities of many IC-DISC practitioners.  At a minimum, grouping vs. TxT must be modeled to ensure that the taxpayer is obtaining, or maintaining, maximum benefits.

Appropriate Expense Allocations

In order to properly determine the profitability of foreign sales, the taxpayer must utilize the principles of IRC Treas. Reg. §1.861-8 and its relations.  These rules can certainly be complex and they are not often applied properly.  For example, many U.S. based exporters spend large amounts on things like interest and selling expenses which are, in practice, mostly directed toward U.S. activities.  By improperly overallocating these expenses to foreign sales they are artificially dampening IC-DISC profits.  The IRC §861 expense allocation rules are not optional and it is imperative that the practitioner fully understand them.

IC-DISC for the Foreign Owned U.S. Company

There are many closely held U.S. companies with foreign shareholders that export.  Please keep in mind here that sales to Canada and Mexico are also exports.  Many of these corporations do not utilize IC-DISC but many should.  Especially those that reside in treaty countries with low dividend tax withholding rates.  This can be difficult because to properly model the results you need to understand the shareholder’s resident country tax laws as well as the shareholder’s tax posture.  That said, I’ve seen this benefit work for foreign shareholders often enough that I always consider it when I see these facts.

Utilizing a Roth IRA

This has been a somewhat popular planning tool utilizing a Roth IRA to avoid annual contribution limits.  The Roth IRA value grows while the IC-DISC profits are not taxed.  Simple enough but it is not a risk free strategy.  The IRS feels that this is a violation of substance over form and argued that, albeit unsuccessfully, in Summa Holdings, Inc., No. 16-1712 (6th Cir. 2/16/17).  My view is that the IRS argued this case wrong but that’s another article.  If you live in the 6th Circuit, good for you.  The primary risks here are that the IRS does not like this and Summa Holdings predated the enactment of IRS §7701(o) which codified the economic substance doctrine.  Until the IRS makes another run at this you certainly have substantial authority for this position where it makes sense.

IC-DISC as Non-Qualified Executive Retirement Tool

You don’t see this one too often but it makes sense.  I advised with a practitioner whose client was retiring along with a sibling from a leadership position in a successful family business.  IC-DISC itself made sense as a planning tool but it also played a neat part in the transition of the business by placing the IC-DISC ownership in the hands of the retiring executives.  Keep in mind that the IC-DISC does not have to be held by the same shareholders as the related supplier.  This planning, in essence, permits the related supplier a full tax deduction and the retired executives enjoy reduced qualified dividend tax rates.

Summary

The bottom line here is that IC-DISC remains alive and well for the foreseeable future courtesy of the TCJA.  Thus, it is time to start considering using IC-DISC again and, more importantly, maximizing IC-DISC benefits with proven and reliable strategies.  We help our IC-DISC clients on these and other tax planning issues.  Let us help you or your clients.

To learn more about FJV’s IC-DISC or transfer pricing practices and our considerable experience with this important topic and how it impacts your business and tax positions, please contact FJV Tax or visit us at fjvtax.com.